Article

Vietnam v the middle-income trap

April 2026 / 3 minutes

Key points

  • Already a manufacturing export success, Vietnam faces the ‘middle-income trap’, the unhappy medium between wealth and competitiveness
  • New leader To Lam is implementing reforms that prioritise growth over regulation, targeting 10 per cent GDP growth by unblocking investment
  • After an upgrade from ‘frontier’ to ‘emerging’ market, Vietnam is luring investors by privileging private sector growth

Illustrations by Nilaksiya Thiruchelvam

As with any investment, your capital is at risk.

 

In a decade of investing in Vietnam, I’ve seen the country of 100 million people become one of the best of all emerging-market export-growth stories. Foreign manufacturers thronged, supply chains deepened, and ports thrived. All this despite recent trade wars and geopolitical tensions.

What was missing was strong domestic growth. The ‘blazing furnace’ anti-corruption drive, which began in 2013, brought discipline but froze decision-making. The property market stalled, pressure built in the banking system, and a small bond crisis followed. Factories kept running for global customers such as Samsung and Nike. But Vietnam faced the dreaded ‘middle-income trap’ – failing to compete on wages without moving up the value chain.  

Positive picture

I see exciting signs it can spring free. The new leader, To Lam, is the antithesis of his predecessor. His unprecedented reforms emphasise momentum, not enforcement. Annual GDP growth is already 8 per cent – Lam is targeting 10 per cent. He’s restoring confidence, unblocking investment and allowing the private sector to do what it does best: grow.

Meanwhile, index provider FTSE Russell is upgrading Vietnam from a ‘frontier’ to an ‘emerging’ market, potentially attracting billions of dollars in new investment.

We back companies, not countries. The eight Vietnam-based firms that make up 10 per cent of Pacific Horizon’s portfolio – from plastic pipe makers to commercial banks and supermarkets – are all modestly valued compared to earnings.

As reforms channel more credit to the private sector, these firms should benefit from accelerated domestic investment and growing consumer demand.

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